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Nikolay Nekrasov
Nikolay Alexeyevich Nekrasov (, – ) was a Russian poet, writer, critic and publisher, whose deeply compassionate poems about peasant Russia won him Fyodor Dostoyevsky's admiration and made him the hero of liberal and radical circles of Russian intelligentsia, as represented by Vissarion Belinsky and Nikolay Chernyshevsky. He is credited with introducing into Russian poetry ternary meters and the technique of dramatic monologue (''On the Road'', 1845).〔''History of Nineteenth-Century Russian Literature'', by Dmitrij Cizevskij et al. Vanderbilt University Press, 1974. Page 104.〕 As the editor of several literary journals, including ''Sovremennik'', Nekrasov was also singularly successful.
==Biography==
Nikolai Alexeyevich Nekrasov was born in the town of Nemyriv (now in Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine), Podolia Governorate.〔According to some biographies he had 13 brothers and sisters, others state that as many as ten of them died at an early age. Scholar Vladimir Zhdanov in his 1971 biography mentions six children: Andrey, born 1820; Yelizaveta, 1821; Nikolay, 1821, Anna, 1823; Konstantin, 1824 and Fyodor, 1827. Andrey died in 1838, Yelizaveta in 1842, Konstantin in 1884. Both Fyodor and Anna outlived Nikolai.〕 His father, Alexey Sergeyevich Nekrasov (1788-1862), was a descendant from Russian landed Gentry, and an officer in the Imperial Russian Army.
There is controversy as to his mother's origins. According to Brokhaus & Efron (and this corresponds with Nekrasov's 1887 autobiographical notes), Alexandra Zakrzewska was a Polish noblewoman, daughter of a wealthy landlord who belonged to szlachta. The church metrics tell a different story; modern Russian scholars have her name as Yelena Andreyevna and insist she had nothing to do with the Polish aristocracy and was an Orthodox Christian, not a Catholic. "Up until recently the poet's biographers had it that his mother belonged to the Polish family. In fact she was a daughter of an Ukrainian state official Alexander Semyonovich Zakrevsky, the owner of Yuzvino, a small village in the Podolia Governorate," maintains Korney Chukovsky.〔Chukovsky, K.I.. Commentaries to N.A.Nekrasov’s Autobiography. The Works by N.A.Nekrasov in 8 vol. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, Moscow. 1967. Vol. VIII. Pp. 463-475.〕 Such discrepancy might be explained by the fact that Nekrasov, according to D.S.Mirsky, "created the cult of his mother, imparted her with improbable qualities and started worshipping her after her death." Pyotr Yakubovich, though, warns against such insinuations, suggesting that Yelena could be converted to Orthodoxy in the course of one day on demand of her fiancé, and that the metrics might have been tempered with so as to conceal the fact that the girl had been indeed taken from Poland without her parents' consent (Nekrasov states as much in his autobiography). Yet, the biographer dismisses the once popular notion of a Polish girl having been kidnapped by a visiting Russian officer, pointing to "Mother", Nekrasov's autobiographical verse describing an episode when he discovered in his family archives his mother's letter written hectically (and apparently in a fit of passion, in French and Polish) which suggested she was at least for a while deeply in love with the army captain.
In January 1823 Alexey Nekrasov, ranked army major, retired and moved the family to his estate in Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province, near the Volga River, where young Nikolai spent his childhood years.〔 This early retirement from the army, and his public job as a provincial inspector, caused Aleksey Sergeyevich much frustration resulting in drunken rages against both his peasants and his wife. Such experiences traumatized the young poet and determined the subject matter of Nekrasov's major poems—a verse portrayal of the plight of the Russian peasants and women. Nekrasov admired his mother and later expressed his love and empathy to all women in his writings. Yelena Andreyevna loved literature and imparted this passion to her son; her love and support helped the young poet to survive the traumatic experiences of his childhood.〔 "His was a wounded heart, and this wound that never healed served as a source for his passionate, suffering verse for the rest of his life," wrote Fyodor Dostoyevsky.〔
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